Even if you keep unknown numbers silenced, iOS 17+ offers Live Voicemail. When this is on, silenced unknowns are immediately sent to a real-time transcript. You do not need to unblock the number to see if the call is important; you just read the transcript as they speak. This is the preferred middle-ground for many users.
* The 82 Bypass (For Outgoing Calls) If you are the one trying to call a person who blocks unknown numbers, you can unblock yourself on a per-call basis. Before dialing their number, dial *. This temporarily removes your "Private" status and forces your Caller ID through. Example: *82-555-123-4567.
If you have turned off "Silence Unknown Callers" and still aren't getting calls, follow this diagnostic flow: